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Introduction to Data Analysis with R for Social Science

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Producing Reports With knitr (extra)

Overview

Teaching: 0 min
Exercises: 0 min
Questions

  • How can I integrate software and reports?

Objectives

  • Understand the value of writing reproducible reports

  • Learn how to recognise and compile the basic components of an R Markdown file

  • Become familiar with R code chunks, and understand their purpose, structure and options

  • Demonstrate the use of inline chunks for weaving R outputs into text blocks, for example when discussing the results of some calculations

  • Be aware of alternative output formats to which an R Markdown file can be exported

Data analysis reports

Data analysts tend to write a lot of reports, describing their analyses and results, for their collaborators or to document their work for future reference.

Many new users begin by first writing a single R script containing all of their work, and then share the analysis by emailing the script and various graphs as attachments. But this can be cumbersome, requiring a lengthy discussion to explain which attachment was which result.

Writing formal reports with Word or LaTeX can simplify this process by incorporating both the analysis report and output graphs into a single document. But tweaking formatting to make figures look correct and fixing obnoxious page breaks can be tedious and lead to a lengthly “whack-a-mole” game of fixing new mistakes resulting from a single formatting change.

Creating a web page (as an html file) using R Markdown makes things easier. The report can be one long stream, so tall figures that wouldn’t ordinarily fit on one page can be kept at full size and easier to read, since the reader can simply keep scrolling. Additionally, the formatting of and R Markdown document is simple and easy to modify, allowing you to spend more time on your analyses instead of writing reports.

Literate programming

Ideally, such analysis reports are reproducible documents: If an error is discovered, or if some additional subjects are added to the data, you can just re-compile the report and get the new or corrected results rather than having to reconstruct figures, paste them into a Word document, and hand-edit various detailed results.

The key R package here is knitr. It allows you to create a document that is a mixture of text and chunks of code. When the document is processed by knitr, chunks of code will be executed, and graphs or other results will be inserted into the final document.

This sort of idea has been called “literate programming”.

knitr allows you to mix basically any type of text with code from different programming languages, but we recommend that you use R Markdown, which mixes Markdown with R. Markdown is a light-weight mark-up language for creating web pages.

Creating an R Markdown file

Within RStudio, click File → New File → R Markdown and you’ll get a dialog box like this:

Screenshot of the New R Markdown file dialogue box in RStudio

You can stick with the default (HTML output), but give it a title.

Basic components of R Markdown

The initial chunk of text (header) contains instructions for R to specify what kind of document will be created, and the options chosen. You can use the header to give your document a title, author, date, and tell it what type of output you want to produce. In this case, we’re creating an html document.

---
title: "Initial R Markdown document"
author: "Karl Broman"
date: "April 23, 2015"
output: html_document
---

You can delete any of those fields if you don’t want them included. The double-quotes aren’t strictly necessary in this case. They’re mostly needed if you want to include a colon in the title.

RStudio creates the document with some example text to get you started. Note below that there are chunks like

```{r}
summary(cars)
```

These are chunks of R code that will be executed by knitr and replaced by their results. More on this later.

Markdown

Markdown is a system for writing web pages by marking up the text much as you would in an email rather than writing html code. The marked-up text gets converted to html, replacing the marks with the proper html code.

For now, let’s delete all of the stuff that’s there and write a bit of markdown.

You make things bold using two asterisks, like this: **bold**, and you make things italics by using underscores, like this: _italics_.

You can make a bulleted list by writing a list with hyphens or asterisks, like this:

* bold with double-asterisks
* italics with underscores
* code-type font with backticks

or like this:

- bold with double-asterisks
- italics with underscores
- code-type font with backticks

Each will appear as:

You can use whatever method you prefer, but be consistent. This maintains the readability of your code.

You can make a numbered list by just using numbers. You can even use the same number over and over if you want:

1. bold with double-asterisks
1. italics with underscores
1. code-type font with backticks

This will appear as:

  1. bold with double-asterisks
  2. italics with underscores
  3. code-type font with backticks

You can make section headers of different sizes by initiating a line with some number of # symbols:

# Title
## Main section
### Sub-section
#### Sub-sub section

You compile the R Markdown document to an html webpage by clicking the “Knit” button in the upper-left.

Challenge 1

Create a new R Markdown document. Delete all of the R code chunks and write a bit of Markdown (some sections, some italicized text, and an itemized list).

Convert the document to a webpage.

Solution to Challenge 1

In RStudio, select File > New file > R Markdown…

Delete the placeholder text and add the following:

# Introduction

## Background on Data

This report uses the *gapminder* dataset, which has columns that include:

* country
* continent
* year
* lifeExp
* pop
* gdpPercap

## Background on Methods

Then click the ‘Knit’ button on the toolbar to generate an html document (webpage).

A bit more Markdown

You can make a hyperlink like this: [Carpentries Home Page](https://carpentries.org/).

You can include an image file like this: ![The Carpentries Logo](https://carpentries.org/assets/img/TheCarpentries.svg)

You can do subscripts (e.g., F~2~) with F~2~ and superscripts (e.g., F^2^) with F^2^.

If you know how to write equations in LaTeX, you can use $ $ and $$ $$ to insert math equations, like $E = mc^2$ and

$$y = \mu + \sum_{i=1}^p \beta_i x_i + \epsilon$$

You can review Markdown syntax by navigating to the “Markdown Quick Reference” under the “Help” field in the toolbar at the top of RStudio.

R code chunks

The real power of Markdown comes from mixing markdown with chunks of code. This is R Markdown. When processed, the R code will be executed; if they produce figures, the figures will be inserted in the final document.

The main code chunks look like this:

```{r load_data}
gapminder <- read.csv("gapminder.csv")
```

That is, you place a chunk of R code between ```{r chunk_name} and ```. You should give each chunk a unique name, as they will help you to fix errors and, if any graphs are produced, the file names are based on the name of the code chunk that produced them. You can create code chunks quickly in RStudio using the shortcuts Ctrl+Alt+I on Windows and Linux, or Cmd+Option+I on Mac.

Challenge 2

Add code chunks to:

  • Load the ggplot2 package
  • Read the gapminder data
  • Create a plot

Solution to Challenge 2

```{r load-ggplot2}
library("ggplot2")
```

```{r read-gapminder-data}
gapminder <- read.csv("gapminder.csv")
```

```{r make-plot}
plot(lifeExp ~ year, data = gapminder)
```

How things get compiled

When you press the “Knit” button, the R Markdown document is processed by knitr and a plain Markdown document is produced (as well as, potentially, a set of figure files): the R code is executed and replaced by both the input and the output; if figures are produced, links to those figures are included.

The Markdown and figure documents are then processed by the tool pandoc, which converts the Markdown file into an html file, with the figures embedded.

plot of chunk rmd_to_html_fig

Chunk options

There are a variety of options to affect how the code chunks are treated. Here are some examples:

So you might write:

```{r load_libraries, echo=FALSE, message=FALSE}
library("dplyr")
library("ggplot2")
```

Often there will be particular options that you’ll want to use repeatedly; for this, you can set global chunk options, like so:

```{r global_options, echo=FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.path="Figs/", message=FALSE, warning=FALSE,
                      echo=FALSE, results="hide", fig.width=11)
```

The fig.path option defines where the figures will be saved. The / here is really important; without it, the figures would be saved in the standard place but just with names that begin with Figs.

If you have multiple R Markdown files in a common directory, you might want to use fig.path to define separate prefixes for the figure file names, like fig.path="Figs/cleaning-" and fig.path="Figs/analysis-".

Challenge 3

Use chunk options to control the size of a figure and to hide the code.

Solution to Challenge 3

```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
plot(faithful)
```

You can review all of the R chunk options by navigating to the “R Markdown Cheat Sheet” under the “Cheatsheets” section of the “Help” field in the toolbar at the top of RStudio.

Inline R code

You can make every number in your report reproducible. Use `r and ` for an in-line code chunk, like so: `r round(some_value, 2)`. The code will be executed and replaced with the value of the result.

Don’t let these in-line chunks get split across lines.

Perhaps precede the paragraph with a larger code chunk that does calculations and defines variables, with include=FALSE for that larger chunk (which is the same as echo=FALSE and results="hide").

Rounding can produce differences in output in such situations. You may want 2.0, but round(2.03, 1) will give just 2.

The myround function in the R/broman package handles this.

Challenge 4

Try out a bit of in-line R code.

Solution to Challenge 4

Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = `r 2+2`.

Other output options

You can also convert R Markdown to a PDF or a Word document. Click the little triangle next to the “Knit” button to get a drop-down menu. Or you could put pdf_document or word_document in the initial header of the file.

Tip: Creating PDF documents

Creating .pdf documents may require installation of some extra software. The R package tinytex provides some tools to help make this process easier for R users. With tinytex installed, run tinytex::install_tinytex() to install the required software (you’ll only need to do this once) and then when you knit to pdf tinytex will automatically detect and install any additional LaTeX packages that are needed to produce the pdf document. Visit the tinytex website for more information.

Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio

RStudio versions 1.4 and later include visual markdown editing mode. In visual editing mode, markdown expressions (like **bold words**) are transformed to the formatted appearance (bold words) as you type. This mode also includes a toolbar at the top with basic formatting buttons, similar to what you might see in common word processing software programs. You can turn visual editing on and off by pressing the button in the top right corner of your R Markdown document.

Resources

Key Points

  • Mix reporting written in R Markdown with software written in R.

  • Specify chunk options to control formatting.

  • Use knitr to convert these documents into PDF and other formats.

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