Data Ingest and Visualization - Matplotlib and Pandas

Estimated time: 105 minutes

Overview

Questions

• What other tools can I use to create plots apart from ggplot?
• Why should I use Python to create plots?

Objectives

• Import the pyplot toolbox to create figures in Python.
• Use matplotlib to make adjustments to Pandas or plotnine objects.

Putting it all together

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Up to this point, we have walked through tasks that are often involved in handling and processing data using the workshop-ready cleaned files that we have provided. In this wrap-up exercise, we will perform many of the same tasks with real data sets. This lesson also covers data visualization.

As opposed to the previous ones, this lesson does not give step-by-step directions to each of the tasks. Use the lesson materials you’ve already gone through as well as the Python documentation to help you along.

Obtain data

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There are many repositories online from which you can obtain data. We are providing you with one data file to use with these exercises, but feel free to use any data that is relevant to your research. The file bouldercreek_09_2013.txt contains stream discharge data, summarized at 15 minute intervals (in cubic feet per second) for a streamgage on Boulder Creek at North 75th Street (USGS gage06730200) for 1-30 September 2013. If you’d like to use this dataset, please find it in the data folder.

Clean up your data and open it using Python and Pandas

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To begin, import your data file into Python using Pandas. Did it fail? Your data file probably has a header that Pandas does not recognize as part of the data table. Remove this header, but do not simply delete it in a text editor! Use either a shell script or Python to do this - you wouldn’t want to do it by hand if you had many files to process.

If you are still having trouble importing the data as a table using Pandas, check the documentation. You can open the docstring in a Jupyter Notebook using a question mark. For example:

PYTHON

import pandas as pd
pd.read_csv?

Look through the function arguments to see if there is a default value that is different from what your file requires (Hint: the problem is most likely the delimiter or separator. Common delimiters are ',' for comma, ' ' for space, and '\t' for tab).

Create a DataFrame that includes only the values of the data that are useful to you. In the streamgage file, those values might be the date, time, and discharge measurements. Convert any measurements in imperial units into SI units. You can also change the name of the columns in the DataFrame like this:

PYTHON

df = pd.DataFrame({'1stcolumn':[100,200], '2ndcolumn':[10,20]}) # this just creates a DataFrame for the example!
print('With the old column names:\n') # the \n makes a new line, so it's easier to see
print(df)

df.columns = ['FirstColumn', 'SecondColumn'] # rename the columns!
print('\n\nWith the new column names:\n')
print(df)

OUTPUT

With the old column names:

   1stcolumn  2ndcolumn
0        100         10
1        200         20


With the new column names:

   FirstColumn  SecondColumn
0          100            10
1          200            20

Matplotlib package

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Matplotlib is a Python package that is widely used throughout the scientific Python community to create high-quality and publication-ready graphics. It supports a wide range of raster and vector graphics formats including PNG, PostScript, EPS, PDF and SVG.

Moreover, matplotlib is the actual engine behind the plotting capabilities of both Pandas and plotnine packages. For example, when we call the .plot method on Pandas data objects, we actually use the matplotlib package.

First, import the pyplot toolbox:

PYTHON

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Now, let’s read data and plot it!

PYTHON

surveys = pd.read_csv("data/surveys.csv")
my_plot = surveys.plot("hindfoot_length", "weight", kind="scatter")
plt.show() # not necessary in Jupyter Notebooks

Tip

By default, matplotlib creates a figure in a separate window. When using Jupyter notebooks, we can make figures appear in-line within the notebook by executing:

PYTHON

%matplotlib inline

The returned object is a matplotlib object (check it yourself with type(my_plot)), to which we may make further adjustments and refinements using other matplotlib methods.

Tip

Matplotlib itself can be overwhelming, so a useful strategy is to do as much as you easily can in a convenience layer, i.e. start creating the plot in Pandas or plotnine, and then use matplotlib for the rest.

We will cover a few basic commands for creating and formatting plots with matplotlib in this lesson. A great resource for help creating and styling your figures is the matplotlib gallery, which includes plots in many different styles and the source codes that create them.

plt pyplot versus object-based matplotlib

Matplotlib integrates nicely with the NumPy package and can use NumPy arrays as input to the available plot functions. Consider the following example data, created with NumPy by drawing 1000 samples from a normal distribution with a mean value of 0 and a standard deviation of 0.1:

PYTHON

import numpy as np
sample_data = np.random.normal(0, 0.1, 1000)

To plot a histogram of our draws from the normal distribution, we can use the hist function directly:

PYTHON

plt.hist(sample_data)

Tip: Cross-Platform Visualization of Figures

Jupyter Notebooks make many aspects of data analysis and visualization much simpler. This includes doing some of the labor of visualizing plots for you. But, not every one of your collaborators will be using a Jupyter Notebook. The .show() command allows you to visualize plots when working at the command line, with a script, or at the IPython interpreter. In the previous example, adding plt.show() after the creation of the plot will enable your colleagues who aren’t using a Jupyter notebook to reproduce your work on their platform.

or create matplotlib figure and axis objects first and subsequently add a histogram with 30 data bins:

PYTHON

fig, ax = plt.subplots()  # initiate an empty figure and axis matplotlib object
ax.hist(sample_data, 30)

Although the latter approach requires a little bit more code to create the same plot, the advantage is that it gives us full control over the plot and we can add new items such as labels, grid lines, title, and other visual elements. For example, we can add additional axes to the figure and customize their labels:

PYTHON

# prepare a matplotlib figure
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.hist(sample_data, 30)
# add labels
ax1.set_ylabel('density')
ax1.set_xlabel('value')

# define and sample beta distribution
a = 5
b = 10
beta_draws = np.random.beta(a, b)

# add additional axes to the figure to plot beta distribution
ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.125, 0.575, 0.3, 0.3])  # number coordinates correspond to left, bottom, width, height, respectively
ax2.hist(beta_draws)

Challenge - Drawing from distributions

Have a look at numpy.random documentation. Choose a distribution you have no familiarity with, and try to sample from and visualize it.

Link matplotlib, Pandas and plotnine

When we create a plot using pandas or plotnine, both libraries use matplotlib to create those plots. The plots created in pandas or plotnine are matplotlib objects, which enables us to use some of the advanced plotting options available in the matplotlib library. Because the objects output by pandas and plotnine can be read by matplotlib, we have many more options than any one library can provide, offering a consistent environment to make publication-quality visualizations.

PYTHON

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots() # prepare a matplotlib figure

surveys.plot("hindfoot_length", "weight", kind="scatter", ax=ax1)

# Provide further adaptations with matplotlib:
ax1.set_xlabel("Hindfoot length")
ax1.tick_params(labelsize=16, pad=8)
fig.suptitle('Scatter plot of weight versus hindfoot length', fontsize=15)

To retrieve the matplotlib figure object from plotnine for customization, use the draw() function in plotnine:

PYTHON

import plotnine as p9
myplot = (p9.ggplot(data=surveys,
                    mapping=p9.aes(x='hindfoot_length', y='weight')) +
              p9.geom_point())

# convert output plotnine to a matplotlib object
my_plt_version = myplot.draw()

# Provide further adaptations with matplotlib:
p9_ax = my_plt_version.axes[0] # each subplot is an item in a list
p9_ax.set_xlabel("Hindfoot length")
p9_ax.tick_params(labelsize=16, pad=8)
p9_ax.set_title('Scatter plot of weight versus hindfoot length', fontsize=15)
plt.show() # not necessary in Jupyter Notebooks

Challenge - Pandas and matplotlib

Load the streamgage data set with Pandas, subset the week of the 2013 Front Range flood (September 11 through 15) and create a hydrograph (line plot) of the discharge data using Pandas, linking it to an empty maptlotlib ax object. Create a second axis that displays the whole dataset. Adapt the title and axes’ labels using matplotlib.

Answers

PYTHON

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

discharge = pd.read_csv("data/bouldercreek_09_2013.txt",
                        skiprows=27, delimiter="\t",
                        names=["agency", "site_id", "datetime",
                               "timezone", "flow_rate", "discharge_cd"])
discharge["datetime"] = pd.to_datetime(discharge["datetime"])
flood = discharge[(discharge["datetime"] >= "2013-09-11") &
                  (discharge["datetime"] <= "2013-09-15")]

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

flood.plot(x="datetime", y="flow_rate", ax=ax)
ax.set_xlabel("")  # no label
ax.set_ylabel("Discharge, cubic feet per second")
ax.legend().set_visible(False)
ax.set_title("Front Range flood event 2013")

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.65, 0.575, 0.25, 0.3])
# DataFrame.plot raises an error with an inset axis object,
# so we use matplotlib's plot method instead
ax2.plot("datetime", "flow_rate", data=discharge)
plt.xticks(rotation=90)

Saving matplotlib figures

Once satisfied with the resulting plot, you can save the plot with the .savefig(*args) method from matplotlib:

PYTHON

fig.savefig("my_plot_name.png")

which will save the fig created using Pandas/matplotlib as a png file with the name my_plot_name

Tip: Saving figures in different formats

Matplotlib recognizes the extension used in the filename and supports (on most computers) png, pdf, ps, eps and svg formats.

Challenge - Saving figure to file

Check the documentation of the savefig method and check how you can comply to journals requiring figures as pdf file with dpi >= 300.

Answers

PYTHON

fig.savefig("my_plot_name.pdf", dpi=300)

Make other types of plots:

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Matplotlib can make many other types of plots in much the same way that it makes two-dimensional line plots. Look through the examples in https://matplotlib.org/stable/plot_types/ and try a few of them (click on the “Source code” link and copy and paste into a new cell in Jupyter Notebook or save as a text file with a .py extension and run in the command line).

Challenge - Final Plot

Display your data using one or more plot types from the example gallery. Which ones to choose will depend on the content of your own data file. If you are using the streamgage file bouldercreek_09_2013.txt, you could make a histogram of the number of days with a given mean discharge, use bar plots to display daily discharge statistics, or explore the different ways matplotlib can handle dates and times for figures.

Key Points

• Matplotlib is the engine behind plotnine and Pandas plots.
• The object-based nature of matplotlib plots enables their detailed customization after they have been created.
• Export plots to a file using the savefig method.