Introduction

Overview

Teaching: 15 min
Exercises: 3 min

Questions

• What are basic principles for using spreadsheets for good data organization?

Objectives

• Understand how to organize data so computers can make the best use of the data

Things You’ll Need To Complete This Tutorial

Spreadsheet Software

To work through this tutorial you will need access to a spreadsheet program. Many computers come with a pre-installed spreadsheet program like Excel. macOS users who use Apple’s Numbers application should note that it does not contain some of the features (particularly data validation) that we will be using. Please use LibreOffice or Microsoft Excel instead.

If you do not have a spreadsheet program, install one using the instructions in the link below.

• Instructions to install a spreadsheet program.

Good data organization is the foundation of your research project. Most researchers have data or do data entry in spreadsheets. Spreadsheet programs are very useful graphical interfaces for designing data tables and handling very basic data quality control functions.

Spreadsheet outline

In this lesson, we’re going to talk about:

• Good data entry practices - formatting data tables in spreadsheets
• How to avoid common formatting mistakes
• Recognising and reformatting dates in spreadsheets
• Basic quality control and data manipulation in spreadsheets
• Exporting data from spreadsheets

Spreadsheet programs

Many spreadsheet programs are available. We will use Microsoft Excel in our examples. Although it is not open source software it is very widely available and used.

Free spreadsheet programs such as LibreOffice are available. The functionality of these may differ from Excel, but in general they can be used to perform similar tasks.

Problems with Spreadsheets

Spreadsheets are good for data entry, but in reality we tend to use spreadsheet programs for much more than data entry. We use them to create data tables for publications, to generate summary statistics, and make figures. Laying out spreadsheets in this way often adds some difficulty when we want to take our data from the spreadsheet and use it in another program. Additional white space, merged cells, colour and grids may aid readability but are not easily handled by other programs that take our spreadsheet as an input to further analysis.

Generating statistics and figures in spreadsheets should be done with caution. The graphical, drag and drop nature of spreadsheet programs means that it can be very difficult, if not impossible, to replicate your steps (much less retrace anyone else’s). This is particularly true if your stats or figures require complex calculations. Furthermore, when performing calculations in a spreadsheet, it’s easy to accidentally apply a slightly different formula to multiple adjacent cells. This often makes it difficult to demonstrate data quality and consistency in our analysis.

Even when we are aware of some of the limitations that data in spreadsheets presents, often we have inherited spreadsheets from another colleague or data provider. In these situations we cannot exercise any control in its construction or entry of the data within it. Nevertheless it is important to be aware of the limitations these data may present, and know how to assess if any problems are present and how to overcome them.

What this lesson will not teach you

• How to do statistics in a spreadsheet
• How to do plotting in a spreadsheet
• How to write code in spreadsheet programs

If you’re looking to do this, a good reference is Head First Excel, published by O’Reilly.

Exercise

• How many people have used spreadsheets in their research?
• How many people have accidentally done something that made them frustrated or sad?

Using Spreadsheets for Data Entry and Cleaning

However, there are circumstances where you might want to use a spreadsheet program to produce “quick and dirty” calculations or figures, and some of these features can be used in data cleaning, prior to importation into a statistical analysis program. We will show you how to use some features of spreadsheet programs to check your data quality along the way and produce preliminary summary statistics.

In this lesson, we will assume that you are most likely using Excel as your primary spreadsheet program - there are other programs with similar functionality but Excel is still the most commonly used.

Before we get hands-on with our SQL database, let’s first talk about what relational databases are, and preparing our data to save us pain later.

1. Formatting data tables in spreadsheets
2. Formatting problems
3. Dates as data

Key Points

• Organizing your data tables according to tidy data principles will make them easier for you and others to use for analysis.